Okla-homey
5/7/2007, 06:25 AM
May 7, 1763: Pontiac’s plot is foiled
http://aycu39.webshots.com/image/17198/2000017893713108188_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000017893713108188)
Ottawa chieftain Pontiac
244 years ago on this day in 1763, Major Henry Gladwin, British commander of Fort Detroit, foils Ottawa Chief Pontiac’s attempt at a surprise attack. Romantic lore holds that Gladwin’s Seneca mistress informed him of the western Indians’ plans for an uprising.
http://aycu04.webshots.com/image/15163/2000039847199619067_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000039847199619067)
Plan of Fort Detroit
When Pontiac arrived at the fort with his men, who were concealing weapons under their trading blankets, they discovered that Gladwin had assembled his men and prepared them for a defense of the fort. Knowing that, without the element of surprise, their efforts would not be successful, Pontiac withdrew and instead laid siege to the fort for the rest of the summer, while his allies successfully seized 10 of 13 British forts in the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley regions by June 20.
The western Indians’ efforts to unite all Native Americans in an attempt to free themselves of addictions to European trade goods and alcohol, guided by their spiritual leader, a Delaware named Neolin, seemed to be succeeding. However, the French failed to come to the Indians’ aid in driving the British back to the Atlantic as hoped, dooming the rebellion.
British General Jeffrey Amherst, who first angered western Indians in 1760 by curtailing the tradition of gift exchange long practiced by both the French and English governments, unleashed one of the earliest uses of biological weaponry on the Indians in response to their uprising.
http://aycu09.webshots.com/image/17208/2000041499326125957_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000041499326125957)
Lord Jeffrey Amherst. namesake of Amherst MA, and Amherst University
He ordered Colonel Henry Bouquet of Fort Pitt to “Extirpate this Execrable Race,” by distributing smallpox-infected blankets among them. The plan succeeded in breeding a deadly smallpox epidemic among the Indians in 1763-64.
The Indians’ increased unity and success terrified western European settlers, already made nervous by the British king’s Proclamation Line of 1763, which denied their right to settle beyond the Appalachians. Colonists’ failure to find protection from the crown made them doubt the efficacy of their imperial governments.
Meanwhile, officials in London believed backcountry settlers should share in the blame for the violence of the past 10 years and demanded their assistance in paying for the empire’s military expenses on American soil. In an effort to collect on this debt from the Americans, the British parliament passed, in rapid succession, the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Acts of 1767, the Tea Act of 1773 and the Coercive Acts of 1774. By April 1775, the cycle of taxation and protest had escalated to the point that blood was spilled between colonists and Redcoats on Lexington Green in Massachusetts; the American Revolution had begun.
http://aycu29.webshots.com/image/13548/2005628431080628426_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2005628431080628426)
American colonists fed up with paying taxes which the Crown imposed in order to reimburse the government for protecting colonials from Pontiac and other Indian threats started war at Lexington MA
Ottawa roots and their ultimate destiny
The Ottawa lived along the shore of Georgia Bay in Canada when the French explorer Samuel de Champlain located them in 1615. A quarter-century later, pressured by the Iroquois Confederation, the Ottawa moved to Green Bay in present-day Wisconsin from where they spread into northwestern Illinois and southern Wisconsin.
Culturally, the Ottawa are Algonquian, the Chippewa and Pottawatomi being their closest tribal relatives. Although they lived in villages and planted crops, the Ottawa were best known as traders, traversing the rivers of northeastern
America as well as the Great Lakes in their canoes and following the "Moccasin Trail" well into Florida. Their name, in fact, derives from the Algonquin "Adawa," meaning to trade or barter.
And what of the Ottawa People? Unfortunately for them, they tended to back losers. During the French & Indian War, they allied with the French. During the American Revolutionary War, the Ottawa sided with the British, but were able to retain control most of the presnt day state of Ohio after the War.
http://aycu33.webshots.com/image/15992/2000072490903107766_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000072490903107766)
Increasing incursion by white settlers, however, forced the tribe to move steadily westward, first into Kansas and, by 1867, into a 12,000-acre tract of land purchased from the United States in the northeastern corner of Indian Territory where they remain to this day. The tribe's administrative center is in Miami, OK (which the people who live there pronounce My'-am''-uh)
More news about the Ottawa and associated tribes up Miami way:
Ottawa County: Indian gaming corridor: One county, eight tribes, ten casinos
By S.E. RUCKMAN Tulsa World Staff Writer
5/7/2007 6:39 AM
http://aycu27.webshots.com/image/13666/2004258880926997070_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2004258880926997070)
MIAMI, Okla. -- Before Indian gaming, Ottawa County did a respectable amount of commerce sitting on the Interstate 44 corridor into Missouri. But what a difference Indian casinos have made, tribal officials say.
Ten tribal casinos call Ottawa County home. Eight tribes, jointly called the Inter-Tribal Council, have Indian trust land located within the county borders. Trust status is required for a tribe to conduct gaming under the federal Indian gaming statute.
Those tribes are the Miami, Peoria, Eastern Shawnee, Ottawa, Modoc, Wyandotte, Seneca-Cayuga of Oklahoma and the Quapaw. Their gaming interests equal about one casino for every 3,200 of Ottawa County's estimated 32,737 residents.
"Yes, there are a lot of casinos here, but when you consider that eight tribes are located here, it makes more sense," said Judee Snodderly, executive director of the Miami Area Economic Development Service.
Comparatively, other big gaming tribes own more casinos singly, like the Ada-based Chickasaw Nation with 12 sites or the Cherokee Nation with seven. But the Chickasaw sites are spread across a 13-county jurisdictional area and Cherokees over 14 counties.
"The (Miami-based) tribes are also going into other businesses," Snodderly said. "They're creating jobs all around."
The tribes prepped for casino gaming by busing in customers from nearby Missouri and Kansas in the bingo days. With the passage of the federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988, the tribes then worked with Miami city officials to get their trust land annexed into city limits, said Peoria Chief John Froman.
"We sit on the I-44 corridor, so the majority of our business travels across the state lines," he said. "I'd guess that collectively the tribes are the single largest employer in the county."
Froman's 2,700-member tribe owns two gaming sites in Miami. One is a smaller Peoria Gaming Center, and the other is the largest casino in the area, the Buffalo Run. The larger venue is expansive, resembling a multi-colored pyramid perched to the north of the Will Rogers Turnpike.
The Peorias employ approximately 370 people in their two casinos, Froman estimated.
"We have a 5 percent unemployment rate in Ottawa County now . . . that is down from the 25 percent unemployment rate after the B.F. Goodrich Tire plant shut down in the 1980s."
The area casino count could be technically higher, officials said.
The Seneca-Cayuga tribe owns a casino in the vicinity, but it sits just inside neighboring Delaware County, said Seneca-Cayuga public relations specialist Gary Crow.
Additionally, two tribes, the Modoc Tribe and the Miami Tribe, jointly own the Stables casino in Miami.
At the Ottawa Tribe's Highwinds casino, chief Charles Todd said his tribe started in small business first with its own convenience store, the Otter Stop. When gaming opened up, the tribe made plans to open up a casino.
The Highwinds employs about 170, Todd said.
"The Otter Stop alone is a good money-maker; I'd like to have a dozen of those as well," he said. "We (tribes) kind of work together, but I think there is enough of the pie to go around."
The gambling guests buy gas, food and hotel rooms on a regular basis, lured into Miami by the gaming selection. Snodderly said tax revenues have also shot up in Ottawa County with the gamblers passing through.
This was not always the story around here, said Quapaw tribal chairman John Berrey. He grew up remembering a Spartan existence among the eight local tribes.
"The tribes didn't have anything except what they could give to their people with federal monies," he said. "In Miami, Indians were the poor people around here, but now that's changed."
Berrey's tribe owns the Quapaw Casino with about 160 employees. The 3,200-member tribe is making plans to build a new casino along the turn pike near the Kansas and Missouri borders. If successful, that venture would put the Ottawa County casino count at 11.
The Quapaw chairman said because of gaming, the tribe now administrates $1 million in social services for Quapaws. For much of the gaming success, Berrey gives the credit to each tribe, but he also sees the hand of fate.
"The tribes (in Miami) had their allotment land assigned along what later became I-44," he said. "Gaming has taught tribes who have struggled for so long to make their way; that's what's happening."
http://aycu23.webshots.com/image/14942/2000021544313383658_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000021544313383658)
http://aycu39.webshots.com/image/17198/2000017893713108188_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000017893713108188)
Ottawa chieftain Pontiac
244 years ago on this day in 1763, Major Henry Gladwin, British commander of Fort Detroit, foils Ottawa Chief Pontiac’s attempt at a surprise attack. Romantic lore holds that Gladwin’s Seneca mistress informed him of the western Indians’ plans for an uprising.
http://aycu04.webshots.com/image/15163/2000039847199619067_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000039847199619067)
Plan of Fort Detroit
When Pontiac arrived at the fort with his men, who were concealing weapons under their trading blankets, they discovered that Gladwin had assembled his men and prepared them for a defense of the fort. Knowing that, without the element of surprise, their efforts would not be successful, Pontiac withdrew and instead laid siege to the fort for the rest of the summer, while his allies successfully seized 10 of 13 British forts in the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley regions by June 20.
The western Indians’ efforts to unite all Native Americans in an attempt to free themselves of addictions to European trade goods and alcohol, guided by their spiritual leader, a Delaware named Neolin, seemed to be succeeding. However, the French failed to come to the Indians’ aid in driving the British back to the Atlantic as hoped, dooming the rebellion.
British General Jeffrey Amherst, who first angered western Indians in 1760 by curtailing the tradition of gift exchange long practiced by both the French and English governments, unleashed one of the earliest uses of biological weaponry on the Indians in response to their uprising.
http://aycu09.webshots.com/image/17208/2000041499326125957_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000041499326125957)
Lord Jeffrey Amherst. namesake of Amherst MA, and Amherst University
He ordered Colonel Henry Bouquet of Fort Pitt to “Extirpate this Execrable Race,” by distributing smallpox-infected blankets among them. The plan succeeded in breeding a deadly smallpox epidemic among the Indians in 1763-64.
The Indians’ increased unity and success terrified western European settlers, already made nervous by the British king’s Proclamation Line of 1763, which denied their right to settle beyond the Appalachians. Colonists’ failure to find protection from the crown made them doubt the efficacy of their imperial governments.
Meanwhile, officials in London believed backcountry settlers should share in the blame for the violence of the past 10 years and demanded their assistance in paying for the empire’s military expenses on American soil. In an effort to collect on this debt from the Americans, the British parliament passed, in rapid succession, the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Acts of 1767, the Tea Act of 1773 and the Coercive Acts of 1774. By April 1775, the cycle of taxation and protest had escalated to the point that blood was spilled between colonists and Redcoats on Lexington Green in Massachusetts; the American Revolution had begun.
http://aycu29.webshots.com/image/13548/2005628431080628426_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2005628431080628426)
American colonists fed up with paying taxes which the Crown imposed in order to reimburse the government for protecting colonials from Pontiac and other Indian threats started war at Lexington MA
Ottawa roots and their ultimate destiny
The Ottawa lived along the shore of Georgia Bay in Canada when the French explorer Samuel de Champlain located them in 1615. A quarter-century later, pressured by the Iroquois Confederation, the Ottawa moved to Green Bay in present-day Wisconsin from where they spread into northwestern Illinois and southern Wisconsin.
Culturally, the Ottawa are Algonquian, the Chippewa and Pottawatomi being their closest tribal relatives. Although they lived in villages and planted crops, the Ottawa were best known as traders, traversing the rivers of northeastern
America as well as the Great Lakes in their canoes and following the "Moccasin Trail" well into Florida. Their name, in fact, derives from the Algonquin "Adawa," meaning to trade or barter.
And what of the Ottawa People? Unfortunately for them, they tended to back losers. During the French & Indian War, they allied with the French. During the American Revolutionary War, the Ottawa sided with the British, but were able to retain control most of the presnt day state of Ohio after the War.
http://aycu33.webshots.com/image/15992/2000072490903107766_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000072490903107766)
Increasing incursion by white settlers, however, forced the tribe to move steadily westward, first into Kansas and, by 1867, into a 12,000-acre tract of land purchased from the United States in the northeastern corner of Indian Territory where they remain to this day. The tribe's administrative center is in Miami, OK (which the people who live there pronounce My'-am''-uh)
More news about the Ottawa and associated tribes up Miami way:
Ottawa County: Indian gaming corridor: One county, eight tribes, ten casinos
By S.E. RUCKMAN Tulsa World Staff Writer
5/7/2007 6:39 AM
http://aycu27.webshots.com/image/13666/2004258880926997070_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2004258880926997070)
MIAMI, Okla. -- Before Indian gaming, Ottawa County did a respectable amount of commerce sitting on the Interstate 44 corridor into Missouri. But what a difference Indian casinos have made, tribal officials say.
Ten tribal casinos call Ottawa County home. Eight tribes, jointly called the Inter-Tribal Council, have Indian trust land located within the county borders. Trust status is required for a tribe to conduct gaming under the federal Indian gaming statute.
Those tribes are the Miami, Peoria, Eastern Shawnee, Ottawa, Modoc, Wyandotte, Seneca-Cayuga of Oklahoma and the Quapaw. Their gaming interests equal about one casino for every 3,200 of Ottawa County's estimated 32,737 residents.
"Yes, there are a lot of casinos here, but when you consider that eight tribes are located here, it makes more sense," said Judee Snodderly, executive director of the Miami Area Economic Development Service.
Comparatively, other big gaming tribes own more casinos singly, like the Ada-based Chickasaw Nation with 12 sites or the Cherokee Nation with seven. But the Chickasaw sites are spread across a 13-county jurisdictional area and Cherokees over 14 counties.
"The (Miami-based) tribes are also going into other businesses," Snodderly said. "They're creating jobs all around."
The tribes prepped for casino gaming by busing in customers from nearby Missouri and Kansas in the bingo days. With the passage of the federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988, the tribes then worked with Miami city officials to get their trust land annexed into city limits, said Peoria Chief John Froman.
"We sit on the I-44 corridor, so the majority of our business travels across the state lines," he said. "I'd guess that collectively the tribes are the single largest employer in the county."
Froman's 2,700-member tribe owns two gaming sites in Miami. One is a smaller Peoria Gaming Center, and the other is the largest casino in the area, the Buffalo Run. The larger venue is expansive, resembling a multi-colored pyramid perched to the north of the Will Rogers Turnpike.
The Peorias employ approximately 370 people in their two casinos, Froman estimated.
"We have a 5 percent unemployment rate in Ottawa County now . . . that is down from the 25 percent unemployment rate after the B.F. Goodrich Tire plant shut down in the 1980s."
The area casino count could be technically higher, officials said.
The Seneca-Cayuga tribe owns a casino in the vicinity, but it sits just inside neighboring Delaware County, said Seneca-Cayuga public relations specialist Gary Crow.
Additionally, two tribes, the Modoc Tribe and the Miami Tribe, jointly own the Stables casino in Miami.
At the Ottawa Tribe's Highwinds casino, chief Charles Todd said his tribe started in small business first with its own convenience store, the Otter Stop. When gaming opened up, the tribe made plans to open up a casino.
The Highwinds employs about 170, Todd said.
"The Otter Stop alone is a good money-maker; I'd like to have a dozen of those as well," he said. "We (tribes) kind of work together, but I think there is enough of the pie to go around."
The gambling guests buy gas, food and hotel rooms on a regular basis, lured into Miami by the gaming selection. Snodderly said tax revenues have also shot up in Ottawa County with the gamblers passing through.
This was not always the story around here, said Quapaw tribal chairman John Berrey. He grew up remembering a Spartan existence among the eight local tribes.
"The tribes didn't have anything except what they could give to their people with federal monies," he said. "In Miami, Indians were the poor people around here, but now that's changed."
Berrey's tribe owns the Quapaw Casino with about 160 employees. The 3,200-member tribe is making plans to build a new casino along the turn pike near the Kansas and Missouri borders. If successful, that venture would put the Ottawa County casino count at 11.
The Quapaw chairman said because of gaming, the tribe now administrates $1 million in social services for Quapaws. For much of the gaming success, Berrey gives the credit to each tribe, but he also sees the hand of fate.
"The tribes (in Miami) had their allotment land assigned along what later became I-44," he said. "Gaming has taught tribes who have struggled for so long to make their way; that's what's happening."
http://aycu23.webshots.com/image/14942/2000021544313383658_rs.jpg (http://allyoucanupload.webshots.com/v/2000021544313383658)