Okla-homey
6/23/2009, 06:05 AM
June 23, 1972: Title IX enacted
http://img520.imageshack.us/img520/5179/titlepatsymink.jpg
Congresswoman Patsy T. Mink (1927-2002) wrote the law as an outgrowth of adversities she faced in obtaining her undergraduate degrees at the University of Hawaiʻi and University of Nebraska.
Thirty-six years ago on this day in 1972, Title IX of the education amendments of 1972 is enacted into law. Title IX prohibits federally funded educational institutions from discriminating against students or employees based on sex. It begins:
"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
As a result of Title IX, any school that receives any federal money from the elementary to university level--in short, nearly all schools--must provide fair and equal treatment of the sexes in all areas, including athletics.
http://img75.imageshack.us/img75/4008/titvolleyballdigkb7.jpg
Before Title IX, few opportunities existed for female athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which was created in 1906 to format and enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women and held no championships for women’s teams.
Furthermore, facilities, supplies and funding were lacking. As a result, in 1972 there were just 30,000 women participating in NCAA sports, as opposed to 170,000 men.
http://img75.imageshack.us/img75/6128/titt9nu5.jpg
Title IX was designed to correct those imbalances. Although it did not require that women’s athletics receive the same amount of money as men’s athletics, it was designed to enforce equal access and quality. Women’s and men’s programs were required to devote the same resources to locker rooms, medical treatment, training, coaching, practice times, travel and per diem allowances, equipment, practice facilities, tutoring and recruitment.
Scholarship money was to be budgeted on a commensurate basis, so that if 40 percent of a school’s athletic scholarships were awarded to women, 40 percent of the scholarship budget was also earmarked for women.
It also applies to non-sport activities such as school bands, cheerleaders, and clubs; however, social fraternities and sororities, gender-specific youth clubs such as Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts, and Girls State and Boys State are specifically exempt from Title IX requirements.
Since the enactment of Title IX, women’s participation in sports has grown exponentially. In high school, the number of girl athletes has increased from just 295,000 in 1972 to more than 2.6 million.
http://img520.imageshack.us/img520/8363/22018011.png
In college, the number has grown from 30,000 to more than 150,000. In addition, Title IX is credited with decreasing the dropout rate of girls from high school and increasing the number of women who pursue higher education and complete college degrees.
Despite these advancements, Title IX has not been without controversy.
Critics point out that while it may be helping female athletes, it can hurt male athletes when smaller schools are forced to cancel men’s programs to meet the strictures of the law. For example, here in Oklahoma, the University of Tulsa eliminated its mens baseball team in the mid-1980's, despite two earlier college world series appearances and a wealth of baseball talent in eastern Oklahoma.
http://img75.imageshack.us/img75/5553/tittranrowingtd6.jpg
Some groups claim that it has caused some schools to spend less money on non-revenue-generating men's sports programs such as wrestling, cross country, swimming, gymnastics, fencing and volleyball. This means that it is harder for men to get into large, Division I schools for small sports due to their over emphasis on football and other money making sports.
http://img520.imageshack.us/img520/9783/title224293266584acf22d.jpg
http://img520.imageshack.us/img520/5179/titlepatsymink.jpg
Congresswoman Patsy T. Mink (1927-2002) wrote the law as an outgrowth of adversities she faced in obtaining her undergraduate degrees at the University of Hawaiʻi and University of Nebraska.
Thirty-six years ago on this day in 1972, Title IX of the education amendments of 1972 is enacted into law. Title IX prohibits federally funded educational institutions from discriminating against students or employees based on sex. It begins:
"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
As a result of Title IX, any school that receives any federal money from the elementary to university level--in short, nearly all schools--must provide fair and equal treatment of the sexes in all areas, including athletics.
http://img75.imageshack.us/img75/4008/titvolleyballdigkb7.jpg
Before Title IX, few opportunities existed for female athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which was created in 1906 to format and enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women and held no championships for women’s teams.
Furthermore, facilities, supplies and funding were lacking. As a result, in 1972 there were just 30,000 women participating in NCAA sports, as opposed to 170,000 men.
http://img75.imageshack.us/img75/6128/titt9nu5.jpg
Title IX was designed to correct those imbalances. Although it did not require that women’s athletics receive the same amount of money as men’s athletics, it was designed to enforce equal access and quality. Women’s and men’s programs were required to devote the same resources to locker rooms, medical treatment, training, coaching, practice times, travel and per diem allowances, equipment, practice facilities, tutoring and recruitment.
Scholarship money was to be budgeted on a commensurate basis, so that if 40 percent of a school’s athletic scholarships were awarded to women, 40 percent of the scholarship budget was also earmarked for women.
It also applies to non-sport activities such as school bands, cheerleaders, and clubs; however, social fraternities and sororities, gender-specific youth clubs such as Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts, and Girls State and Boys State are specifically exempt from Title IX requirements.
Since the enactment of Title IX, women’s participation in sports has grown exponentially. In high school, the number of girl athletes has increased from just 295,000 in 1972 to more than 2.6 million.
http://img520.imageshack.us/img520/8363/22018011.png
In college, the number has grown from 30,000 to more than 150,000. In addition, Title IX is credited with decreasing the dropout rate of girls from high school and increasing the number of women who pursue higher education and complete college degrees.
Despite these advancements, Title IX has not been without controversy.
Critics point out that while it may be helping female athletes, it can hurt male athletes when smaller schools are forced to cancel men’s programs to meet the strictures of the law. For example, here in Oklahoma, the University of Tulsa eliminated its mens baseball team in the mid-1980's, despite two earlier college world series appearances and a wealth of baseball talent in eastern Oklahoma.
http://img75.imageshack.us/img75/5553/tittranrowingtd6.jpg
Some groups claim that it has caused some schools to spend less money on non-revenue-generating men's sports programs such as wrestling, cross country, swimming, gymnastics, fencing and volleyball. This means that it is harder for men to get into large, Division I schools for small sports due to their over emphasis on football and other money making sports.
http://img520.imageshack.us/img520/9783/title224293266584acf22d.jpg